An evidence-based program aligned with the ADA Standards of Care 2026. You will learn the fundamentals of managing diabetes, practice clinical decision-making, and earn a completion certificate.
Diabetes is a chronic condition in which the body cannot properly regulate blood glucose (sugar) levels. Glucose is the primary fuel for your cells, and insulin — a hormone made by the pancreas — is the key that lets glucose enter them.
The immune system attacks insulin-producing cells. Requires insulin from day one. Usually diagnosed in children and young adults.
The body becomes resistant to insulin or does not make enough. Most common form (90-95%). Often linked to lifestyle factors and genetics.
Develops during pregnancy. Usually resolves after delivery, but increases lifetime risk of developing Type 2 diabetes.
When you eat, carbohydrates break down into glucose. Insulin helps glucose move from the blood into cells. In diabetes, this process is impaired, causing blood glucose to rise above normal levels.
A1C (glycated hemoglobin) reflects your average blood sugar over the past 2 to 3 months. It is expressed as a percentage. For most adults with diabetes, the target A1C is below 7%. Your care team may adjust this target based on your individual health profile.
Key takeaway: Diabetes means your body has difficulty managing blood sugar. Understanding which type you have is the first step toward effective management.
Regular monitoring gives you real-time insight into how food, activity, and medication affect your blood glucose. Two main methods are available.
A small sensor worn under the skin that reads glucose every few minutes. Provides trends, alerts, and a comprehensive picture of your glucose patterns.
A portable meter uses a small blood drop from a finger prick. Quick, accurate point-in-time reading. Clean hands before testing for reliable results.
| Measurement | Target |
|---|---|
| Fasting / before meals | 80 – 130 mg/dL |
| 1-2 hours after eating | < 180 mg/dL |
| A1C | < 7% |
Blood sugar above 180 mg/dL. Symptoms: increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, blurred vision. Over time, can damage organs.
Blood sugar below 70 mg/dL. Symptoms: shakiness, sweating, confusion, rapid heartbeat. Requires immediate treatment with fast-acting carbohydrates.
Rule of 15: If blood sugar is below 70 mg/dL, consume 15 grams of fast-acting carbohydrate (e.g., 4 oz juice, 3-4 glucose tablets). Wait 15 minutes, then recheck. Repeat if still below 70.
What you eat has a direct impact on blood glucose. A consistent, balanced approach to meals helps maintain stable levels throughout the day.
Use a 9-inch plate as your guide at every meal:
Carbohydrates have the greatest effect on blood sugar. Learning to count carbs helps you make informed choices. A typical meal contains 30-60 grams of carbohydrates, depending on your plan. Read nutrition labels and use measuring tools when starting out.
Research supports a Mediterranean-style pattern for people with diabetes: rich in vegetables, whole grains, fish, olive oil, nuts, and legumes. This approach is associated with improved glycemic control and cardiovascular outcomes.
Water is the best choice. Aim for at least 8 glasses per day. Avoid sugar-sweetened beverages, which can spike blood glucose rapidly. Unsweetened tea, coffee, and sparkling water are also good options.
Practical tip: You do not need special "diabetic" foods. Focus on whole, minimally processed foods, consistent portions, and regular meal timing.
Exercise improves insulin sensitivity, lowers blood glucose, supports cardiovascular health, and enhances overall well-being. It is a cornerstone of diabetes management.
Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week — such as brisk walking, cycling, or swimming.
Include resistance exercises (weight training, resistance bands) at least 2 to 3 times per week on non-consecutive days.
Remember: Any movement counts. Even short walks after meals can meaningfully reduce post-meal blood sugar spikes.
Medications work alongside lifestyle changes to help control blood glucose. Your care team will select the right approach for you. Below is a general overview — this is not prescribing guidance.
Usually the first medication prescribed for Type 2 diabetes. Reduces glucose production in the liver and improves insulin sensitivity. Well-established safety profile.
Required for Type 1 and sometimes Type 2 diabetes. Available in rapid-acting, long-acting, and combination forms. Administered by injection or pump.
Stimulate insulin release when blood sugar is high. Also promote satiety and may support weight loss. Given as injection or oral tablet.
Help the kidneys remove excess glucose through urine. Provide cardiovascular and kidney protective benefits. Oral tablets taken once daily.
Taking medications consistently and as prescribed is one of the most important things you can do. Missing doses can lead to uncontrolled blood sugar and long-term complications.
Important: Never adjust or stop diabetes medications without consulting your healthcare provider. Changes should always be made under medical supervision.
Over time, elevated blood sugar can damage blood vessels and nerves throughout the body. Proactive screening and daily habits significantly reduce your risk.
Get a dilated eye exam at least once a year. Diabetic retinopathy often has no early symptoms but can lead to vision loss if untreated.
Inspect your feet daily for cuts, blisters, redness, or swelling. Nerve damage can reduce sensation. Wear proper shoes and see a podiatrist regularly.
Annual urine and blood tests monitor kidney function. Control blood pressure and blood sugar to protect kidney health. Target BP is typically <130/80.
Diabetes doubles cardiovascular risk. Manage cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood sugar. Do not smoke. Discuss statin therapy with your provider.
People with diabetes are at higher risk for gum disease. Brush twice daily, floss daily, and see your dentist at least twice a year. Inform your dentist that you have diabetes.
Prevention checklist: Annual eye exam, daily foot check, annual kidney tests, regular blood pressure and cholesterol monitoring, twice-yearly dental visits. Keep a calendar or use reminders to stay on track.
Diabetes management extends beyond blood sugar numbers. Your daily habits, mental health, and support system all play a role in long-term success.
Stress hormones directly raise blood glucose. Find healthy coping strategies: deep breathing, mindfulness, physical activity, connecting with others, or professional counseling when needed.
Aim for 7 to 8 hours of quality sleep per night. Poor sleep impairs insulin sensitivity and makes blood sugar harder to manage. Maintain a consistent sleep schedule.
The ADA recommends formal DSMES at 4 critical times:
Building your foundational knowledge and skills.
Reviewing your plan and addressing new needs each year.
When new health factors arise that affect your management.
Changes in insurance, provider, living situation, or life stage.
You are not alone. Diabetes management is a team effort. Your healthcare providers, educators, family, and community are all part of your support network.
You have completed all 7 learning sections.
Carlos is a 52-year-old man recently diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes. His A1C is 8.4%, BMI is 32, and he has been started on metformin. He is motivated but has many questions about daily management. Help him make the right decisions.
Carlos is at work and asks: "I usually grab a burger and fries or a big plate of pasta for lunch. What should I be eating instead?"
Carlos checks his blood sugar mid-afternoon and the reading is 62 mg/dL. He feels shaky, sweaty, and a little confused. What should he do?
Carlos wants to start exercising but says: "I'm worried my blood sugar will drop too low. Should I just avoid exercise?"
Carlos has had a cold for 3 days. His blood sugar readings have been between 250 and 300 mg/dL. He asks: "Should I stop taking my metformin since I'm not eating much?"
Answer 5 questions based on the module content. You need at least 4 out of 5 correct (80%) to pass and earn your certificate.
You have successfully completed the Diabetes Self-Management Education module. Enter your name below to generate your certificate.